The Human Genome Project And Encyclopedia Of Dna Elements

Understanding our life as we know it must start at the basics with our own DNA. DNA is the building blocks for all life, so to understand life we must analyze the mechanism of genetics. Projects like the Human Genome project and Encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE) analyzes DNA to give society an interpretation of what the building code is and means. Our genetic code holds coding and non-coding sequences, at first researchers focused solely on coding DNA for it carried the function and means to life. The other non-coding was for years considered to be junk but in this review it will be highlighted by the example of Transposable elements that this so called useless DNA holds many secrets and keys to life. It is now recognized that genomic changes are influenced by transposable elements which has changed the way it is thought how genomes evolve and work. DNA Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid, the building blocks for about all living creatures on Earth. Almost every cell in the human body shares the same DNA. Since DNA is practically the blueprint for living organisms, understanding the blueprint is crucial to a better understanding of the phenomena of our own bodies and the relationship between genetic variation and disease risk hopefully leading to the cure of many diseases, the prevention of harmful mutations, and possibly an explanation to our creation. This DNA is all the information for one’s body and is stored as a code with 4 chemical bases. As seen in theShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Human Genome Project1437 Words   |  6 Pagesdeeply in our body is the complex biological story. The Human Genome Project is the exploration of this intricate yet crucial storyline. The Genome is a complete set of genes that make up an organism. Genes are made up of DNA (deoxynucleic acid) which subsequently is made up of long paired strands. These paire d strands attach in a specific manner, for example, Adenine (A) attaches itself to Thymine (T) and Cytosine(C) to Guanine (G). The genome is the perplexing key in instructing cells to do theirRead MoreHow The Firm Strategy Affect The Emergence Of The Genomic Industry?1489 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis of an individual’s genome. The industry can create a new avenue of approach in which it may profit through the production of tailored products and insights through the study of individual genome. This will also allow for the development of new technology and growth. Because of the necessity of a great quantity of diverse phenotypic and genomic data, this industry firm strategy will also consider genome databases and direct to consumer (DTC) genetic testing. Genome databases will give companiesRead MoreBiological Networks And The Biomedical And Genomic Fields962 Words   |  4 Pagesare ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) and TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). The ENCODE project14, 15 was launched to identify all functional elements in the human genome - regions of transcription, transcription factor association, chromatin structure and histone modification. The ENCODE project has generated more than 6000 genomic datasets from ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, DNase-seq, shRNA knockdown followed by RNA-seq (The ENCODE Project Consortium, 2015). The pilot phase of the ENCODE project involved 440Read MoreThe Encyclopedia Of Dna Elements2407 Words   |  10 Pages The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a project designed to compare and contrast the repertoire of RNAs produced by the human cells and cross verify with other methods like NGS. After a five year start-up since the beginning of the ENCODE project just 1% of the human genome has been observed and what was achieved was just the confirmation of the results of previous studies. RNA has functions of coding, regulation, decoding, and gene expression. RNA highlights the sequential output from genomesRead MoreGenome Decoding: A Review of Three Articles1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthen states the reason why this newspaper gave a better version of the covered story among others based on the tendency (context), the information giving, and the supported arguments that this newspaper have. Genome Decoding: A review of three articles on the subject Introduction Genome Decoding is one of the most recent tantalizing scientific discoveries that have recently appeared in the news. Scientists have discovered that the 20,000 genes that do not code for proteins (and were, thereforeRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Rna Profiling1999 Words   |  8 Pagesthe genome functions also. These observation are taken up together to form and define the functions and description related to genes (Bell, 2004). This observation tells about the range of expression and localization. As the technology is been improving day by day for the RNA profiling and the type of isolation made by the cells , the number of RNA has grown and has increase the biological function in an fast and immediate rate. The ENCODE project also known as the Encyclopedia of DNA element projectRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Functional Area Of Human Genome2127 Words   |  9 Pagessegment of human genome is formed of protein sequences while some of the non coded DNA indicates biologica l functions. Along with the coding of genomes, they are also consisted of sequence which is transcript into RNA like tRNA, rRNA .New challenges of these sequences in the non protein are most prevalent. They are known to identify the functional area in the human genome which is studied by (ENCODE) project. The characteristics which are acting upon the regulatory variations amongst the human beingsRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Landscape Of Transcription2715 Words   |  11 PagesLANDSCAPE OF TRANSCRIPTION IN HUMAN CELLS INTRODUCTION The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a project designed to compare and contrast the repertoire of RNAs produced by the human cells and cross verify with other methods like NGS. After a five year start-up since the beginning of the ENCODE project just 1% of the human genome has been observed and what was achieved was just the confirmation of the results of previous studies. RNA has functions of coding, regulation, decoding, and geneRead MoreThe Encyclopedia Of Dna Elements2709 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a project designed to compare and contrast the repertoire of RNAs produced by the human cells and cross verify with other methods like NGS. After a five year start-up since the beginning of the ENCODE project just 1% of the human genome has been observed and what was achieved was just the confirmation of the results of previous studies. RNA has functions of coding, regulation, decoding, and gene expression. RNA highlights the sequential outputRead MoreSilico Characterization Of The Association Between Rs12670798 And Ldl Cholesterol2868 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Complex diseases are caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors working in combination with each other and thus, it is difficult to characterise the contribution of any one factor to the disease1. However, the widespread adoption of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has greatly accelerated the rate at which these factors are discovered and characterised. These studies genotype individuals with different phenotypes (for example, those who are affected or unaffected by a complex

Essay on Professional Athletes and Steriod Use - 2158 Words

Steroid is a name given to drugs that are manufactured from testosterone, a reproductive hormone found in men. Some athletes normally use anabolic steroids because these drugs improve one’s capacity to compete and train, yielding high results. Steroids work by reducing exhaustion during training, and also reduce the length of time an athlete needs to recover from exhaustion. In addition, steroids enable the growth of tissues and muscles in an athlete’s body by instructing the body to produce extra proteins. During the 1936 Olympics held in Berlin, the first rumors of athletes using steroids emerged. The problem of athletes using steroids was again reported in 1954 during weight lifting championships. The Soviet athletes recorded a very†¦show more content†¦Clemens was one of the athletes mentioned in a book Juiced written by another baseball player Jose Canseco. Canseco mentioned Clemens as one of his colleagues who had a deeper understanding of steroid use. In a report published about the baseball players who use steroids, Clemens was mentioned eighty two times. The report claimed that Clemens used anabolic steroids, amphetamines, and growth hormones supplied to him by an individual recommended by the former Yankee couch Brian McNamee (Canseco 145). McNamee also confessed that he personally injected Clemens with a steroid called Winstrol during the baseball seasons starting from 1998 to 2001. These allegations made Clemens to be summoned by house committee, and he denied using steroids. The committee recommended further investigations to be conducted by the justice department after noticing that there were some inconsistencies in the testimony provided by Clemens. The department of justice reinvestigated the claims with the aim of determining whether Clemens had lied initially. A grand jury was constituted in 2009 to clarify these allegations; however, the alleged use of steroids had already damaged Clemens’s career and legacy. Th e use of steroids made the various organizations, especially charitable ones, which were previously associated with Clemens to remove his name from their brands. Despite Clemens’Show MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative: My Friends Steriod Use Essays1259 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Narrative: My Friends Steriod Use The media has done an excellent job of creating the ideal body type, with a bombardment of images of what we should look like. However the odds of the average person being able to fit this model are very slim indeed. Since 1997 I have been a member of a health facility where I have worked and worked trying to mold myself into that ideal type. It seems that the closer I get the farther away I am from my goal One day one of my close friends and workRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Banned in Professional Sports2737 Words   |  11 Pages 1). Some professional athletes claim to use performance enhancing drugs to recover more quickly from injury; others take them because they have not seen the positive feedback in working out, without the use of the steroids. Steroids may be referred to as roids, juice, hype, or pump and they are powerful drugs. Performance enhancing drugs should be completely banned from professional sports because they are illegal, unhealthy, and unfair. Steroids are illegal in professional sports because

Argumentative Essay Classmate vs Parents Free Essays

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: â€Å"Classmates have more influence on a child’s success in school than parents do†. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Excellent academic performance is the dream of almost every kid. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Essay: Classmate vs Parents or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many factors affecting children’s success in school, two of which are classmates and parents. The question that who has played more important role seems to be a controversial issue. Personally I think parents somehow contribute more due to the following reasons. Firstly it is often said that parents are who understand kids the most. Not only do they have a thorough picture of the children’s interest, but they are also able to figure out their strengths and weaknesses. Thanks to the affluent experience they have got, parents are supposed to be the perfect kid’s consultants in school life, giving them good advice under any circumstances. Although dad and mom may not help with the academic knowledge, they can still share the working skills, for example time management, or assist effectively in case of affection trouble, like a puppy love. If it hadn’t been for parental orientation, there must be many of us who could not be that successful in school. Moreover, it will be very hard for any kids to conquer the study peak if there is no parental support in term of time and money. There are many obvious examples here in Vietnam showing the incredible efforts of rural parents who determine to sell everything in the house in order that their kids can take the university entrance examination. I myself still remember the time of primary school when my father had to travel approximately 20 kilometers every morning to take me to class; how much I owe him! Unconditional love is the only reason for these endless sacrifices. Opponents who think that classmates may have greater influence on study success have their point in arguing that same-aged friends can are better at helping each other in school subjects; and excellent peers can have a very good impact on kids. It is undeniable that classmates also play an important role in children’s academic performance as well as school relationships. However, the question is, how many of a kid’s peers can stand by his side through hard time in such a long study life? Classmates are not as experienced as parents to help kids make up their minds in crucial study decision as well. While school fellows are kids’ partners, parents are their life-time companions. To sum up, I want to emphasize that both classmates and parents do influence over a child’s academic performance, but the latters have a bigger saying. And kids need many other factors to be successful, not only in school, but in their future life. How to cite Argumentative Essay: Classmate vs Parents, Essay examples

Cultural And The Economic Reproduction In Education - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about theCultural And The Economic Reproduction In Education. Answer: Purpose The report focuses on evaluating the relationship between education and wage. Education of a worker determines the skill level and hence likely to affect wage. Therefore, difference in wage is one factor contributing to wage differential. The purpose of the report is to evaluate the proposed relationship between earnings of workers and education years. The estimated relationship has policy implication for reducing wage or income inequality. The objective is to examine how education level influences wage. Background Human capital is one important aspect determining the productive capacity of firms. Education is a qualitative attribute that not only contributes in development of mind but also helps in building a good character. The knowledge acquires from basic and formal education guides individual towards the right direction after joining the labor force. Without education potential skills of an individual cannot be explored fully. It is true that formal education is not sufficient develop all the needed skill. After completing formal education professional training and skill accumulation is required (David 2014.) In modern technical world, without formal education the advanced technology cannot be learnt. These skills by determining productivity influences wage. Wage is the payment given by firm to the laborers. In general instance, wage is determined in the factor market from balancing labor supply and labor demand. The equilibrium wage thus depends on both demand and availability of workers. Firms always desire for highly productive pool of laborers. In order to have a skilled workforce often wage above the equilibrium is paid (Apple, 2017). It is not possible to judge workers productivity at a glance. Education is used as an indicator of deciding productivity and wage. The likely relation between education and wage attracts the attention of economists in explaining wage inequality and drawing relevant policy prescription. Method The paper uses qualitative research methods in exploring relationship between education and wage. To indicate wage level data on hourly wage rate is collected. The level of education is indicated by years spend on education. A sample size of 100 is taken for the analysis purpose. A general description of the collected samples is obtained from their summary statistics. The summary statistics provides information on mean, standard deviation, range, maximum, minimum and others. The pattern of relationship or correlation between the two variables is presented with developing a scatter diagram. In the scatter plot wage is taken as dependent variable and education is taken as independent variable. The relation obtained graphically from the scatter plot is finally confirmed by estimating a linear regression between wage and education. Regression analysis is one of the most important tool used to determine direction and strength of relationship between variables (Chatterjee and Hadi 2015). R egression provides a statistically valid relation between the chosen variables. Result Descriptive analysis The mean hourly wage rate is 22.3081. This implies worker on an average receives a remuneration of 22.31 per hour. The standard deviation from the descriptive statistics is obtained as 14.02. The standard deviation indicates volatility of a distribution. A standard deviation less than average implies a less volatile distribution. Here average wage is greater than standard deviation of the wage. Hence, wage distribution is not much volatile. The maximum and minimum wage is 73.39 and 4.33 respectively. The average of education year is obtained as 13.76 that is approximately 14 years. The average shows workers on an average have 14 years of education. The maximum education year is 21 while the minimum education year is 6. The standard deviation for education years is 2.72. Here again the standard deviation is far less than mean education years implying a small variation of the distribution. Scatter diagram The fitted trend line in the scatter diagram shows a positive association between hourly wage and education years. As the education level increases, there is an increase in the wage rate. For the education years between 5 and 10 there are only a few observations. Therefore, 5-10 years of education is not so much important. As the education years increases its importance in determining wage increases. The data points are mostly lie between 10 to 15 years and 15 to 20 years. Regression analysis The regression equation that can be used to predict wage given the level of education is given as follows Wage = a + (b*education) Where, a is the intercept and b is the slope co-efficient of education level. Using results from regression output the estimated regression equation is obtained as Wage = -6.9148 + (2.1238* education) The slope coefficient measures the elasticity of dependent variable with respect to independent variable (Darlington and Hayes 2016). The slope education therefore measures the extent of change in wage due to unit change in education. The slope for education is estimated as 2.1238. The positive slope referred to a positive relation between hourly wage and education years. A statistically valid relation requires the slope to be statistically significant. The null hypothesis for regression slope co-efficient is that there is no significant association between wade and education. The P value of the slop coefficient is 0.0000. Since the P value is less than 5% significance level, the null hypothesis is rejected confirming a statistically significant relation. Goodness of fit A model is said to be a good fit when most of the variation in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable. This is obtained from the measures of correlation co-efficient or R square (Rumelhart 2017). The R square value for the model is 0.1706. This implies in the wage model where education is used as the independent variable, most of the variation in wage remained unexplained as only 17% variation is explained by education. Therefore, wage model is not fitted good. Predicted Wage Wage = -6.9148 + (2.1238* education) Using this equation wage can be predicted for any given level of education. At education years of 12, predicted wage is Wage = -6.9148 + (2.1238* education) = -6.9148 + (2.1238*12) = -6.9148 +25.4856 =18.5708 At education years of 14, predicted wage is Wage = -6.9148 + (2.1238* education) = -6.9148 + (2.1238*14) = -6.9148 +29.7332 = 22.8184 Difference in hourly wage 22.8184 18.5708 = 4.2476 Discussion From the regression result, a positive relation is found between education and wage. The positive significant relation implies with increase in education years, wage level increases. The mean hourly wage is 22.61 and that of mean education year is 14. The model though gives a statistically significant result but is not fitted goods having a very small R square. The quantitative analysis used in the research paper has several advantages. A definite outcome is obtained and the result based on selected samples can be approximate for population. However, the result satisfies the expected positive relationship between education and wage and provides statistically significant result. A relatively small sample size is both the strength and weakness of the study. A very small R square value is obtained making the model a bad fit. The result of present research is consistent with many other research papers developed in this field. These papers establish education as one of the significant factors causing wage differential (Brny 2016). Based on the significant association between hourly wage and education policy can be undertaken to improve wage level. Recommendation Wage inequality is a problem in most of the developing nation. Government in these nation should promote education as a tool to raise wages to low paid unskilled workers. In addition to basic education, government should ensure that education is continued for sufficient years. As suggested from the paper, worker should have 10 to 20 years of education. Educating workers is a better tool to improve wage level than using minimum wage legislation. The policy of minimum wage ends up with unemployment. However, education raises skills and workers productivity benefitting both the employer and worker. References Apple, M.W. ed., 2017.Cultural and economic reproduction in education: Essays on class, ideology and the state(Vol. 53). Routledge. Brny, Z.L., 2016. The minimum wage and inequality: The effects of education and technology.Journal of Labor Economics,34(1), pp.237-274. Chatterjee, S. and Hadi, A.S., 2015.Regression analysis by example. John Wiley Sons. Darlington, R.B. and Hayes, A.F., 2016.Regression analysis and linear models: Concepts, applications, and implementation. Guilford Publications. David, H., 2014. Skills, education, and the rise of earnings inequality among the" other 99 percent". Rumelhart, D.E., 2017. Schemata: The building blocks.Theoretical issues in reading comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence and education,11, p.33.