Biopharmaceuticals against Viral disease - development and Research Paper

Biopharmaceuticals against Viral disease - development and pharmaceutical action - Research Paper Example In particular, biopharmaceuticals that are produced to target viral diseases will be examined using the example of Hepatitis C. Biopharmaceuticals are generally large proteins (Sekhon, 2010). The manufacture of these proteins can be done on a large scale using biotechnological methods. What production system is used depends on the type of protein being developed but can range from mammalian cells, yeast, insect cells or bacteria (Sekhon, 2010). The primary goals that have to be taken into consideration when developing a biopharmaceutical are that it should be effective under clinical situations, it should be in a form that is approvable by regulatory authorities and it should be practical to market commercially (Sekhon, 2010).after taking all these factors into consideration, the production of a biopharmaceutical is no easy feat. It requires work on many different levels of expertise (Sekhon, 2010). Very broadly, the development of a biopharmaceutical vaccine to target viruses generally involves the following stages. There is production of a carrier system followed by inoculation of the target with the virus. Reproducibility and infectivity are eliminated and the virus fragment is then purified (Sekhon, 2010). One biopharmaceuticals have been manufactured, there is also the possibility of manufacturing biosimilars, which are other biopharmaceuticals with similar structure and function. This is a challenging task as slight changes in structure; composition etc may result in a large disruption of function (Locatelli and Roger, 2006). The protein content, activity, physiochemical integrity, stability, impurities and additives and immunogenicity all have to be tested separately to ensure that they do in fact behave like the reference drug. A variety of different assays is used for this process (Locatelli and Roger, 2006). One of the major hurdles with the manufacture and use of biopharmaceuticals

The value of the US dollar Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The value of the US dollar - Assignment Example The value of the U.S dollar to rise or fall depends on how many dollars are printed by the state treasury department. The more money they print out, the less its worth. Also, the dollar’s value rises based on the demands in relation to other currencies (Goldberg & Tille, 2008). The U.S dollar demand is mostly from the people who buy U.S. exported goods. Government issues bonds, tourists, people who purchase real estates and the U.S corporations bonds and stocks. The Federal Reserve and the central bank supply the dollar. When we buy goods from Germany, the demand for the euro rises (Goldberg & Tille, 2008). This is because when they receive cash we have less money. Floating exchange rate arises when the state allows the exchange rates to affirm by market forces and no attempts to power the exchange rate. The Falling of the U.S dollar makes travelling expenses to rise. People will need to spend more dollars to purchase foreign currency. A cheap dollar will lead to cheap exports abroad, and imports will become more